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上海港口管理暂行办法

作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-05-22 07:56:24  浏览:8966   来源:法律资料网
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上海港口管理暂行办法

上海市人民政府


上海港口管理暂行办法
上海市政府


第一章 总 则
第一条 为了加强对上海港的管理,维护港口秩序,促进生产与建设的发展,发挥上海港在上海市经济建设和国内外经济、技术交流中的重要作用,根据国家和上海市的有关规定,制定本办法。
第二条 本办法适用于上海港港区。凡在上海港区内的机关、团体、部队、企业、事业单位和人员均须遵守本办法。
第三条 国家对上海港实行交通部与上海市人民政府双重领导,以上海市为主的管理体制。上海港务局是上海港口生产和建设的行政主管机关。
第四条 上海港务局经济上是独立的法人,依法享受民事权利,承担民事义务;有权按照国家法律及有关规定,与国内外的企业从事经济活动。

第二章 上海港港区
第五条 上海港港区是指上海港务局管辖的海港水域和海港陆域。
第六条 上海港的港区范围为:
(一)自牛皮礁浮标、航路灯浮与南支1号灯浮的联线,至长江浏河口下游的浏黑屋与崇明岛施翘河口下游的施信杆两点联线间的长江口南水道水域及其相关陆域;
(二)自吴淞河塘灯桩至闵行发电厂上游边界渠漕港止的黄浦江水域及其相关陆域;
(三)绿华山(岛)南侧海域的绿华山减载设施;
(四)经批准的上海港发展规划中确定的其他水域和陆域。

第三章 上海港务局的职权
第七条 上海港务局的职权:
(一)贯彻执行国家关于海港工作的法律、政策,并结合本港情况制订具体办法;
(二)负责编制上海港总体发展规划,经批准后组织实施;
(三)审批上海港港区内岸线的分配使用及其前沿水域工程的建设项目;
(四)统一调度运输船舶和其他水上浮动装置在港区范围(包括公共码头和专用码头,下同)内的生产活动;
(五)组织编制本局及所属单位生产财务和建设计划,督促检查港区内有关企业完成国家指令性水上运输计划;
(六)负责港口货物集疏运工作的组织管理;
(七)负责港区非局属单位各专用码头的行业管理;
(八)管理本局及所属单位与国内外的经济合作、技术交流和重大涉外活动;
(九)按国家规定,制定与港口生产建设有关的费率、标准(技术标准和管理标准),征收进出港船舶的货物港务费、港口建设费等有关规费;
(十)负责国内外船舶进出上海港的引航和指泊;
(十一)负责港区的消防工作和所属单位的公安保卫、卫生防疫、环境保护工作;
(十二)负责国家或上海市人民政府授权的其他管理事宜。

第四章 港口的规划与建设
第八条 上海港总体发展规划由上海港务局根据全国水运发展规划、上海市城市总体规划和有关规定,结合本港实际编制,经上海市人民政府和交通部批准后实施。
第九条 上海港码头建设要严格按照上海港总体发展规划,合理布局,充分利用岸线资源。
第十条 任何企业、事业单位在港区内兴建、改建码头或改变现有码头用途,须报经上海港务局批准。凡兴建、改建或改变现有码头用途时,需建造陆上建筑物的,还须得到规划部门的批准。上海港务局应对工程建设项目进行监督和检查。

第五章 港口生产的组织与管理
第十一条 上海港务局局长由上海市人民代表大会常务委员会任免,下属企、事业单位,其主管领导由上海港务局任免或由企业职工代表大会选举后经上海港务局批准产生。从事货物的装卸、储存、集疏运和旅客服务的各装卸公司和客运总站等企业是港口的主要生产经营单位,由上海
港务局直接领导,统一管理,分权经营。
第十二条 上海港务局根据国家的计划对运输生产实行统一经营管理,分解落实国家指令性计划。
上海港务局所属各企业在保证完成国家指令性计划的同时,可经营计划外运输任务。
第十三条 上海港务局根据全港生产布局和码头专业分工的要求,按照所有权和经营权分离的原则,在各企业推行承包、租赁等经营责任制,企业对国家授予其经营管理的财产享有占有、使用和依法处分的权利。企业在国家计划指导下,自主经营,自负盈亏,独立核算。
第十四条 上海港务局所属各生产单位对承包、租赁经营的码头、库场、客运设施、大型船舶等固定资产负有按计划使用、保管、维护、增值的义务。主要生产设施改变用途,须呈报上海港务局审批。
第十五条 进入上海港装卸的船舶、车辆和货物,必须具备应有的装卸运输条件和供装卸人员安全作业的条件。因不具备上述条件而造成的人身伤亡,货物、设备的损坏以及其他经济损失,由上述责任方承担经济、法律责任。
第十六条 非港务局所属单位需要在公共码头内设置机构、派驻人员,从事生产经营活动的,应持有主管机关的批准文件,向上海港务局办理审批手续。

第六章 港区安全与环境保护
第十七条 在港区的所有单位和进入港区内的船舶、车辆或个人,均应遵守有关安全生产、治安、消防、环境保护、卫生防疫等国家和上海市的法律、法规、规章,以及由上海港务局依据国家和上海市的法律、法规、规章而制定的有关规定,并接受有关部门的监督、检查。
第十八条 上海港务局公安部门在港区公共码头内行使交通监理权。
进入上海港公共码头区域内的机动车、非机动车,均应服从上海港公安部门的管理;发生交通事故时,由上海港务局公安部门依法处理。
第十九条 未经有关部门批准,任何单位和个人都不得设立、毁坏、移动和拆除港区的信号和标志。
第二十条 港区内各单位和船舶、车辆均应遵守上海港消防规则,装有易燃易爆货物的在港船舶必须服从强制消防监护。
第二十一条 港区的各单位应执行国家及上海市有关环境保护、环境卫生、绿化等方面的有关规定。
任何单位和个人不得随意在港区内倾倒污物或施放有毒有害气体,不得污染水域或水质,不得毁损绿化设施。
第二十二条 驻港各单位及其在港船舶如发生污染或燃烧爆炸等事故,必须立即采取有效措施控制灾害,并及时向有关部门报告,接受调查处理。

第七章 港口建设资金的筹集与管理
第二十三条 上海港务局实行以收抵支、定额上交、以港养港的财务管理制度。按国家核定的基数,定额上交,以港养港资金由财政列收列支。
上海港务局所属企业的利润按国家规定,由上海港务局集中,纳入以港养港资金。
第二十四条 上海港务局进行港口建设、改造等所需资金,除国家政策规定的来源以外,可通过向国内外金融机构贷款、集资或利用外商投资解决。
第二十五条 上海港务局管理所属单位属国家所有的全部资产。
第二十六条 上海港务局及其各企业实行分级核算,统一管理的财务体制。

第八章 附 则
第二十七条 本办法由上海港务局负责解释。
第二十八条 本办法自一九八八年九月一日起施行。



1988年8月21日
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中华人民共和国国境卫生检疫法(附英文)

全国人民代表大会


中华人民共和国主席令(六届第46号)

《中华人民共和国国境卫生检疫法》已由中华人民共和国第六届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十八次会议于1986年12月2日通过,现予公布,自1987年5月1日起施行。

中华人民共和国主席 李先念
1986年12月2日

中华人民共和国国境卫生检疫法

(1986年12月2日第六届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十八次会议通过 1986年12月2日中华人民共和国主席令第四十六号公布 自1987年5月1日起施行)

第一章 总 则
第一条 为了防止传染病由国外传入或者由国内传出,实施国境卫生检疫,保护人体健康,制定本法。
第二条 在中华人民共和国国际通航的港口、机场以及陆地边境和国界江河的口岸(以下简称国境口岸),设立国境卫生检疫机关,依照本法规定实施传染病检疫、监测和卫生监督。
国务院卫生行政部门主管全国国境卫生检疫工作。
第三条 本法规定的传染病是指检疫传染病和监测传染病。
检疫传染病,是指鼠疫、霍乱、黄热病以及国务院确定和公布的其他传染病。
监测传染病,由国务院卫生行政部门确定和公布。
第四条 入境、出境的人员、交通工具、运输设备以及可能传播检疫传染病的行李、货物、邮包等物品,都应当接受检疫,经国境卫生检疫机关许可,方准入境或者出境。具体办法由本法实施细则规定。
第五条 国境卫生检疫机关发现检疫传染病或者疑似检疫传染病时,除采取必要措施外,必须立即通知当地卫生行政部门,同时用最快的方法报告国务院卫生行政部门,最迟不得超过二十四小时。邮电部门对疫情报告应当优先传送。
中华人民共和国与外国之间的传染病疫情通报,由国务院卫生行政部门会同有关部门办理。
第六条 在国外或者国内有检疫传染病大流行的时候,国务院可以下令封锁有关的国境或者采取其他紧急措施。
第二章 检 疫
第七条 入境的交通工具和人员,必须在最先到达的国境口岸的指定地点接受检疫。除引航员外,未经国境卫生检疫机关许可,任何人不准上下交通工具,不准装卸行李、货物、邮包等物品。具体办法由本法实施细则规定。
第八条 出境的交通工具和人员,必须在最后离开的国境口岸接受检疫。
第九条 来自国外的船舶、航空器因故停泊、降落在中国境内非口岸地点的时候,船舶、航空器的负责人应当立即向就近的国境卫生检疫机关或者当地卫生行政部门报告。除紧急情况外,未经国境卫生检疫机关或者当地卫生行政部门许可,任何人不准上下船舶、航空器,不准装卸行李、货物、邮包等物品。
第十条 在国境口岸发现检疫传染病、疑似检疫传染病,或者有人非因意外伤害而死亡并死因不明的,国境口岸有关单位和交通工具的负责人,应当立即向国境卫生检疫机关报告,并申请临时检疫。
第十一条 国境卫生检疫机关依据检疫医师提供的检疫结果,对未染有检疫传染病或者已实施卫生处理的交通工具,签发入境检疫证或者出境检疫证。
第十二条 国境卫生检疫机关对检疫传染病染疫人必须立即将其隔离,隔离期限根据医学检查结果确定;对检疫传染病染疫嫌疑人应当将其留验,留验期限根据该传染病的潜伏期确定。
因患检疫传染病而死亡的尸体,必须就近火化。
第十三条 接受入境检疫的交通工具有下列情形之一的,应当实施消毒、除鼠、除虫或者其他卫生处理:
(一)来自检疫传染病疫区的;
(二)被检疫传染病污染的;
(三)发现有与人类健康有关的啮齿动物或者病媒昆虫的。
如果外国交通工具的负责人拒绝接受卫生处理,除有特殊情况外,准许该交通工具在国境卫生检疫机关的监督下,立即离开中华人民共和国国境。
第十四条 国境卫生检疫机关对来自疫区的、被检疫传染病污染的或者可能成为检疫传染病传播媒介的行李、货物、邮包等物品,应当进行卫生检查,实施消毒、除鼠、除虫或者其他卫生处理。
入境、出境的尸体、骸骨的托运人或者其代理人,必须向国境卫生检疫机关申报,经卫生检查合格后发给入境、出境许可证,方准运进或者运出。
第三章 传染病监测
第十五条 国境卫生检疫机关对入境、出境的人员实施传染病监测,并且采取必要的预防、控制措施。
第十六条 国境卫生检疫机关有权要求入境、出境的人员填写健康申明卡,出示某种传染病的预防接种证书、健康证明或者其他有关证件。
第十七条 对患有监测传染病的人、来自国外监测传染病流行区的人或者与监测传染病人密切接触的人,国境卫生检疫机关应当区别情况,发给就诊方便卡,实施留验或者采取其他预防、控制措施,并及时通知当地卫生行政部门。各地医疗单位对持有就诊方便卡的人员,应当优先诊治。
第四章 卫生监督
第十八条 国境卫生检疫机关根据国家规定的卫生标准,对国境口岸的卫生状况和停留在国境口岸的入境、出境的交通工具的卫生状况实施卫生监督:
(一)监督和指导有关人员对啮齿动物、病媒昆虫的根除;
(二)检查和检验食品、饮用水及其储存、供应、运输设施;
(三)监督从事食品、饮用水供应的从业人员的健康状况,检查其健康证明书;
(四)监督和检查垃圾、废物、污水、粪便、压舱水的处理。
第十九条 国境卫生检疫机关设立国境口岸卫生监督员,执行国境卫生检疫机关交给的任务。
国境口岸卫生监督员在执行任务时,有权对国境口岸和入境、出境的交通工具进行卫生监督和技术指导,对卫生状况不良和可能引起传染病传播的因素提出改进意见,协同有关部门采取必要的措施,进行卫生处理。
第五章 法律责任
第二十条 对违反本法规定,有下列行为之一的单位或者个人,国境卫生检疫机关可以根据情节轻重,给予警告或者罚款:
(一)逃避检疫,向国境卫生检疫机关隐瞒真实情况的;
(二)入境的人员未经国境卫生检疫机关许可,擅自上下交通工具,或者装卸行李、货物、邮包等物品,不听劝阻的。
罚款全部上缴国库。
第二十一条 当事人对国境卫生检疫机关给予的罚款决定不服的,可以在接到通知之日起十五日内,向当地人民法院起诉。逾期不起诉又不履行的,国境卫生检疫机关可以申请人民法院强制执行。
第二十二条 违反本法规定,引起检疫传染病传播或者有引起检疫传染病传播严重危险的,依照《中华人民共和国刑法》第一百七十八条的规定追究刑事责任。
第二十三条 国境卫生检疫机关工作人员,应当秉公执法,忠于职守,对入境、出境的交通工具和人员,及时进行检疫;违法失职的,给予行政处分,情节严重构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。
第六章 附 则
第二十四条 中华人民共和国缔结或者参加的有关卫生检疫的国际条约同本法有不同规定的,适用该国际条约的规定。但是,中华人民共和国声明保留的条款除外。
第二十五条 中华人民共和国边防机关与邻国边防机关之间在边境地区的往来,居住在两国边境接壤地区的居民在边境指定地区的临时往来,双方的交通工具和人员的入境、出境检疫,依照双方协议办理,没有协议的,依照中国政府的有关规定办理。
第二十六条 国境卫生检疫机关实施卫生检疫,按照国家规定收取费用。
第二十七条 国务院卫生行政部门根据本法制定实施细则,报国务院批准后施行。
第二十八条 本法自1987年5月1日起施行。1957年12月23日公布的《中华人民共和国国境卫生检疫条例》同时废止。


FRONTIER HEALTH AND QUARANTINE LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OFCHINA

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
FRONTIER HEALTH AND QUARANTINE LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF
CHINA
(Adopted at the 18th Meeting of the Standing Committee of the
Sixth National People's Congress, promulgated by Order No. 46 of the
President of the People's Republic of China on December 2, 1986, and
effective as of May 1, 1987)

Contents
Chapter I General Provisions
Chapter II Quarantine Inspection
Chapter III Monitoring of Infectious Diseases
Chapter IV Health Supervision
Chapter V Legal Liability
Chapter VI Supplementary Provisions

Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1
This Law is formulated in order to prevent infectious diseases from
spreading into or out of the country, to carry out frontier health and
quarantine inspection and to protect human health.
Article 2
Frontier health and quarantine offices shall be set up at international
seaports, airports and ports of entry at land frontiers and boundary
rivers (hereinafter referred to as "frontier ports") of the People's
Republic of China. These offices shall carry out the quarantining and
monitoring of infectious diseases, and health inspection in accordance
with the provisions of this Law.
Health administration departments under the State Council shall be in
charge of frontier health and quarantine work throughout the country.
Article 3
Infectious diseases specified in this Law shall include quarantinable
infectious diseases and infectious diseases to be monitored.
Quarantinable infectious diseases shall include plague, cholera, yellow
fever and other infectious diseases determined and announced by the State
Council. Infectious diseases to be monitored shall be determined and
announced by health administration departments under the State Council.
Article 4
Persons, conveyances and transport equipment, as well as articles such as
baggage, goods and postal parcels that may transmit quarantinable
infectious diseases, shall undergo quarantine inspection upon entering or
exiting the country. No entry or exit shall be allowed without the
permission of a frontier health and quarantine office. Specific measures
for implementation of this Law shall be stipulated in detailed
regulations.
Article 5
On discovering a quarantinable infectious disease or a disease suspected
to be quarantinable, a frontier health and quarantine office shall, in
addition to taking necessary measures, immediately notify the local health
administration department; at the same time, it shall make a report to the
health administration department under the State Council by the most
expeditious means possible, within 24 hours at the latest. Post and
telecommunications departments shall give priority to transmissions of
reports of epidemic diseases.
Messages exchanged between the People's Republic of China and foreign
countries on the epidemic situation of infectious diseases shall be
handled by the health administration department under the State Council in
conjunction with other departments concerned.
Article 6
When a quarantinable infectious disease is prevalent abroad or within
China, the State Council may order relevant sections of the border to be
blockaded or adopt other emergency measures.

Chapter II Quarantine Inspection
Article 7
Persons and conveyances on entering the country shall be subject to
quarantine inspection at designated places at the first frontier port of
their arrival. Except for harbour pilots, no person shall be allowed to
embark on or disembark from any means of transport and no articles such as
baggage, goods or postal parcels shall be loaded or unloaded without the
health and quarantine inspector's permission. Specific measures for the
implementation of this Law shall be stipulated in detailed regulations.
Article 8
Persons and conveyances exiting the country shall be subject to quarantine
inspection at the last frontier port of departure.
Article 9
When foreign ships or airborne vehicles anchor or land at places other
than frontier ports in China, the persons in charge of the ships or
airborne vehicles must report immediately to the nearest frontier health
and quarantine office or to the local health administration department.
Except in cases of emergency, no person shall be allowed to embark on or
disembark from the ship or airborne vehicle, and no articles such as
baggage, goods and postal parcels shall be loaded or unloaded without the
permission of a frontier health and quarantine office or the local health
administration department.
Article 10
When a quarantinable infectious disease, a disease suspected to be
quarantinable or a death due to an unidentified cause other than
accidental harm is discovered at a frontier port, the relevant department
at the frontier port and the person in charge of the conveyance must
report immediately to the frontier health and quarantine office and apply
for provisional quarantine inspection.
Article 11
According to the results of an inspection made by quarantine doctors, the
frontier health and quarantine office shall sign and issue a quarantine
certificate for entry or exit to a conveyance either uncontaminated by any
quarantinable infectious disease or already given decontamination
treatment.
Article 12
A person having a quarantinable infectious disease shall be placed in
isolation by the frontier health and quarantine office for a period
determined by the results of the medical examination, while a person
suspected of having a quarantinable infectious disease shall be kept for
inspection for a period determined by the incubation period of such
disease. The corpse of anyone who died from a quarantinable infectious
disease must be cremated at a nearby place.
Article 13
Any conveyance subject to entry quarantine inspection shall be
disinfected, deratted, treated with insecticides or given other sanitation
measures when found to be in any of the following conditions:
(1) having come from an area where a quarantinable infectious disease is
epidemic;
(2) being contaminated by a quarantinable infectious disease; or
(3) revealing the presence of rodents which affect human health or insects
which are carriers of disease.
Apart from exceptional cases, when the person in charge of the foreign
conveyance refuses to allow sanitation measures to be taken, the
conveyance shall be allowed to leave the frontier of the People's Republic
of China without delay under the supervision of the frontier health and
quarantine office.
Article 14
A frontier health and quarantine office shall conduct sanitation
inspections and disinfect, derate, treat with insecticides or apply other
sanitation measures to articles such as baggage, goods and postal parcels
that come from an epidemic area and are contaminated by a quarantinable
infectious disease or may act as a vehicle of a quarantinable infectious
disease.
A consignor or an agent for the transportation of a corpse or human
remains into or out of the country must declare the matter to a frontier
health and quarantine office; transport thereof, in either direction
across the border, shall not be allowed until sanitary inspection proves
satisfactory and an entry or exit permit is given.

Chapter III Monitoring of Infectious Diseases
Article 15
Frontier health and quarantine offices shall monitor persons on entry or
exit for quarantinable infectious diseases and shall take necessary
preventive and control measures.
Article 16
Frontier health and quarantine offices shall be authorized to require
persons on entry or exit to complete a health declaration form and produce
certificates of vaccination against certain infectious diseases, a health
certificate or other relevant documents.
Article 17
For persons who suffer from infectious diseases to be monitored, who come
from areas in foreign countries where infectious diseases to be monitored
are epidemic or who have close contact with patients suffering from
infectious diseases to be monitored, the frontier health and quarantine
offices shall, according to each case, issue them medical convenience
cards, keep them for inspection or take other preventive or control
measures, while promptly notifying the local health administration
department about such cases. Medical services at all places shall give
priority in consultation and treatment to persons possessing medical
convenience cards.

Chapter IV Health Supervision
Article 18
Frontier health and quarantine offices shall, in accordance with state
health standards, exercise health supervision over the sanitary conditions
at frontier ports and the sanitary conditions of conveyances on entry or
exit at frontier ports. They shall:
(1) supervise and direct concerned personnel on the prevention and
elimination of rodents and insects that carry diseases;
(2) inspect and test food and drinking water and facilities for their
storage, supply and delivery;
(3) supervise the health of employees engaged in the supply of food and
drinking water and check their health certificates; and
(4) supervise and inspect the disposal of garbage, waste matter, sewage,
excrement and ballast water.
Article 19
Frontier health and quarantine offices shall have frontier port health
supervisors, who shall carry out the tasks assigned by the frontier health
and quarantine offices. In performing their duties, frontier port health
supervisors shall be authorized to conduct health supervision and give
technical guidance regarding frontier ports and conveyances on entry or
exit; to give advice for improvement wherever sanitary conditions are
unsatisfactory and factors exist that may spread infectious diseases; and
to coordinate departments concerned to take necessary measures and apply
sanitary treatment.

Chapter V Legal Liability
Article 20
A frontier health and quarantine office may warn or fine, according to the
circumstances, any unit or individual that has violated the provisions of
this Law by committing any of the following acts:
(1) evading quarantine inspection or withholding the truth in reports to
the frontier health and quarantine office;
(2) embarking on or disembarking from conveyances upon entry, or loading
or unloading articles such as baggage, goods or postal parcels, without
the permission of a frontier health and quarantine office and refusing to
listen to the office's advice against such acts. All fines thus collected
shall be turned over to the state treasury.
Article 21
If a concerned party refuses to obey a decision on a fine made by a
frontier health and quarantine office, he may, within 15 days after
receiving notice of the fine, file a lawsuit in a local people's court.
The frontier health and quarantine office may apply to the people's court
for mandatory enforcement of a decision if the concerned party neither
files a lawsuit nor obeys the decision within the 15-day term.
Article 22
If a quarantinable infectious disease is caused to spread or is in great
danger of being spread as a result of a violation of the provisions of
this Law, criminal responsibility shall be investigated in accordance with
Article 178 of the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China.
Article 23
The personnel of frontier health and quarantine offices must enforce this
Law impartially, perform duties faithfully and promptly conduct quarantine
inspection on conveyances and persons upon entry or exit. Those who
violate the law or are derelict in their duties shall be given
disciplinary sanctions; where circumstances are serious enough to
constitute a crime criminal responsibility shall be investigated in
accordance with the law.

Chapter VI Supplementary Provisions
Article 24
Where the provisions of this Law differ from those of international
treaties on health and quarantine that China has concluded or joined, the
provisions of such international treaties shall prevail, with the
exception of the treaty clauses on which the People's Republic of China
has declared reservations.
Article 25
In cases of temporary contact between frontier defence units of the
People's Republic of China and those of a neighbouring country, of a
temporary visit at a designated place on the frontier by residents of the
border areas of the two countries and of entry or exit of conveyances and
persons of the two sides, quarantine inspection shall be conducted in line
with the agreements between China and the other country or, in the absence
of such an agreement, in accordance with the relevant regulations of the
Chinese Government.
Article 26
Frontier health and quarantine offices shall charge for health and
quarantine services according to state regulations.
Article 27
The health administration department under the State Council shall, in
accordance with this Law, formulate rules for its implementation, which
shall go into effect after being submitted to and approved by the State
Council.
Article 28
This Law shall go into effect on May 1, 1987. On the same day, the
Frontier Health and Quarantine Regulations of the People's Republic of
China promulgated on December 23, 1957, shall be invalidated.


调查取证权是律师践行正义的必要保证
       杨涛
“有事找我律师”已经成为越来越多人的的口头禅。但一直以来,律师调查取证权缺乏法律保障,和面对公检法机关不同的是,许多单位和个人以各种理由拒绝律师的调查。这种状况有望通过修改律师法得到改变。(《新京报》5月16日)
无论在民事、行政还是刑事诉讼中,律师的取查取证权利都非常有限。这一方面跟律师仅仅是提供法律的工作者,不享有公权力有关,更主要是法律的规定存在缺陷,这在刑事诉讼中更为明显。
刑事诉讼法规定,凡是知道案件情况的人,都有作证的义务。那么,从保障事实真相的查清以及程序正义的原理来看,这一规定应当理解为证人、被害人等知道案件情况的人向作为侦查机关的控方和被告人的辩护律师应当都有作证的义务。
然而,实践中,被害人、证人的这种作证的义务却往往异化为仅仅向司法机关作证的义务。因为,首先法律规定了证人、被害人应当向司法机关作证,并明确规定了司法机关向证人、被害人调查取证的各种程序;其次,司法机关拥有强大的公权力,对拒不作证特别是作伪证的证人有权采取剥夺其权利的措施,能保证其目的得以实现。而作为不享有公权力的法律工作者的律师,法律对其向被害人、证人取证设置了重重障碍。辩护律师要向被害人或者其近亲属、被害人提供的证人收集与本案有关的材料,首先要经人民检察院或者人民法院许可,并且要经作证人本人的同意;辩护律师向证人或者其他有关单位和个人收集与本案有关的材料,要经他们的同意。由此可见,律师与司法机关的调查取证权严重的不对称。
但是,律师这种调查取证权的弱化,不仅意味着对律师执业权利的设置了障碍,更重要的是对公民权利的保障设置了障碍,不利于人权的保护。因为在刑事诉讼中,辩护律师为被告人辩护,是行使被告人权利的体现,进一步而言是帮助公民权利的得以实现。正如北京大学法学院副院长陈兴良教所说,律师的权利不是国家的权力,也不是社会权利,而是公民个人权利的延伸。律师调查取证权的弱化,不利于事实真相的发现,公民可能因此而蒙冤,近来出现的诸如佘祥林案、胥敬祥案等冤假错案,多少跟律师辩护权不能充分行使有相当关系。
律师调查取证权的弱化,使用控辩之间力量进一步失衡,不利于程序正义的实现。法庭之间的控辩交锋,是拥有强大公权力的国家机关与势单力薄的被告人的一场博弈。因此,要让被告人能充分阐述自己的意见,要让其的辩护权得以充分行使,进而让其感受到这场审判不是国家对其权利的赤裸裸剥夺,而是一场公平与正义的审判,就必须保证其的辩护律师有充分的调查取证权,能提取到对其有利的事实和证据。律师拥有与司法机关对等的调查取证权,才能有可能与控方进行有效的博弈,从而使程序正义得以实现。
因此,赋予律师在刑事、民事、行政诉讼中以有效的调查取证权显得非常重要,这不仅有助于改变当前律师在诉讼特别是刑事诉讼中作为的空间狭小的境况,也能让司法机关在面对律师能有效获得证据的情形下增强其积极搜集证据和规范取证意识,更重要公民在面对国家的追诉时,能借助这种调查权使自己的合法权益得以保障。我们期待着,律师法在修改时能对律师调查取证权给予充分的法律保障。
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